Survey Results

Screenagers' national survey reveals that the majority of U.S. middle schools allow students to carry cell phones throughout the school day

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Authors

Delaney Ruston, MD, Andrew Orlebeke MPA, Talia Friedman, Lisa Tabb
Correspondence Delaneyruston@gmail.com
December 13, 2017

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Abstract

Smartphone use among middle-school-aged youth is increasing with the average age that a child gets a smartphone at 10.3 years old. Studies have shown that cell phones in schools can have a negative impact on students’ academic performance and emotional wellbeing.

However, there is no national data on what percentage of middle schools require phones to be put away for the day versus those that permit students to carry them all day. In this study, 1200 middle school parents were surveyed about cell phone policies in private and public middle schools and their preferences regarding such policies.

The survey revealed that 56% of middle schools allow students to carry their cell phones with them all day, while 82% of parents do not want their middle schoolers to use their phones during the school day. Public schools are twice as likely to allow middle schoolers to carry phones all day than are private schools.

These results highlight a concerning gap between the predominant permissive middle school cell phone policies on the one hand, and research on the impact of phones in schools on academics and wellbeing along with parental preferences for away-for-the-day policies on the other.

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Introduction

Over the past few years, cell phone ownership has become increasingly prevalent among young people. The average age that children get their first smartphones is now 10.3 years old, and the majority of middle schoolers have smartphones. (Ref. 1)  A 2015 survey of 2,658 8- to 18-year-olds shows that they are on screens 6.5 hours day, which does not include screen time in school or screen time for homework. (Ref. 2)

Meanwhile, studies have shown that cell phones in schools can have a negative impact on students’ academic performance and emotional wellbeing. (Ref. 3-13) The ubiquity of cell phone ownership among pre-teens and teens, the large amount of time spent on screens during non-school hours, along with data on downsides of phone access in schools, makes the question of cell phones policies in middle schools of increasing importance.  

There is no national data on current cell phone policies in U.S. middle schools. To learn more about such policies, we conducted a survey focused on two primary questions: 1) what are current middle schools’ cell phone policies and 2) what policies would parents prefer.

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Methods  

The study was conducted by Dr. Delaney Ruston and team using email contacts collected by Ruston’s company, MyDoc Productions, creator of the documentary “Screenagers: Growing Up in the Digital Age.”

These emails were from people who had seen the documentary, were interested in seeing it, had signed up to receive Dr. Ruston’s weekly blog or the “Screenagers” newsletter. Between May 30th and June 15th, 2017, 52,000 emails were sent asking recipients to fill out an online survey.

An average of three reminder emails were sent to non-responders over the ensuing two months. Data from this survey was collected and analyzed using SPSS and Excel.

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Results

Among survey participants, 1,421 had at least one child in middle school and 1,200 of these were usable for analysis. The following are the major findings from the analysis:

• 91.4% of parents were either extremely (49.8%) or very (24%) sure of their children’s school policy on cell phones. (Table 1)  
• A majority (56%) of middle schools allow students to carry phones all day. These policies include the following (Table 2):
  • Phones can be kept with students all day but are not used in class or during passing periods, breaks or lunch (20.5%)
  • Phones are allowed to be used during breaks, passing periods, and lunch but never in classes (10.8%)
  • Phones with students, allowed to be used at teacher's discretion (21.6%)
  • Phones allowed during class by most teachers at students’ discretion. Phones can be used during hall breaks and lunch (2.6%)
    
• Public schools (64%) are over twice as likely to allow students to carry phones all day compared to private schools (31%).  (Table 3)
  
• 82% of respondents reported that they do not want their children using cellphones at middle school and prefer policies that either require that cell phones be left in lockers all day (58.9%), not using used during breaks, passing periods or lunches (20%), or left at home (2.9%).  (Table 4)
  
• Of the 56% of schools that allow students to carry phones all day, roughly one-third of them have a policy stating that students are not to use their phones during breaks and lunch. However, how well the policy is implemented could not be ascertained.

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Discussion

These results indicate that a majority of middle schools allow students to carry phones all day. Research shows that cell phones can be distracting in classroom settings and can affect students in multiple ways.

Cell phone use among students, including the mere presence of a phone, can negatively impact academic performance. (Ref. 3-9) Also, with phone use in school, issues related to social media, such as cyberbullying, can negatively affect emotional wellbeing of students. (Ref. 10-13)

Studies have shown a significant increase in teen depression since 2012, with the highest increase among middle school-aged teens. (Ref. 14) The possibility that increasing the percentage of middle schools with away for the day policies could help to mitigate this rise in depression is an idea worthy of investigation.

Why would some middle schools have certain phone policies and not others? Extensive interviews with public and private school principals, teachers and other staff, provide the following rational.

Schools that permit students to carry phones all day give these top reasons for doing so; concerns of enforcing other policies, phone as potential academic tool and a belief that most parents want students to carry phones to facilitate student-parent communication.

Schools that have away for the day policies give these top reasons; the viewpoint that the negative aspects of phones outweigh any academic benefits of phones, enforcement is doable, they want students to communicate together face to face,  and that office phones are used for student-parent communication.

More than 8 in 10 parents would prefer that phones not be used by students at all during the school day. The percent of middle schools with policies that correlate to these parental preferences differ between public and private schools with two times as many public schools permitting students to carry phones than private schools.

It may be that private schools are more likely to implement these policies as a selling point to attract parents because they believe, as our study suggests, that more parents prefer stricter policies. It could also be that private schools are more likely to have the reasons given above related to why certain schools choose away for the day policies. Other reasons are possible as well.

Among the schools that allow phones to be carried all day, 20% have a policy stating that students are not to use their phones during hall breaks and at lunch. However, our discussions with and visits to schools reveal that, even when this is the stated policy, students will often use their phones during times when use is supposed to be restricted, such as during class time. This behavior illustrates that expecting all students to be able to resist the urge to use their phones is not realistic.

The most significant limitation of our survey was that our sample was a convenience sample.  Data was collected from parents who were interested enough in the issues of screen time and children that they saw a documentary about the topic, subscribed to a blog on the issues, and/or subscribed to the documentary’s newsletter.

Had the cohort been taken from a random sample of parents our findings may have changed. For example, parents whose children go to schools that allow students to carry phones all day could be more likely to be frustrated by such policy, and thus more likely to respond to the survey.

If this is the case, then the overall percentage of middle schools with the more lenient policies would be overrepresented in our survey. This limitation should be taken into account when considering the conclusions of the study.

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Conclusion

Responses from our survey indicate that, among both public and private middle schools, a total of 56% of schools allow students keep their phones with them all day.

At the same time, 82% of parents want kids not to use their cell phones during the school day showing strong support for a change in middle school cell phone policies. Public schools were more than twice as likely to permit students to carry phones all day compared to private schools.

Meanwhile, studies point to negative academic and emotional risks when cell phones are carried by middle schoolers during the school day. The gap between middle school policies, parental preferences, and science should be addressed through policies that ensure that students are not distracted by their phones throughout the school day.

We believe that away-for-the-day policies, in which cell phones must be left in lockers for the day, or other places such as backpacks, would substantially meet this goal.

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Data Tables

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References

1. Influence Central (2016). “Kids & Tech: The Evolution of Today’s Digital Natives”

2. Common Sense Media (2015). “Landmark Report: U.S. Teens Use an Average of Nine Hours of Media Per Day, Tweens Use Six Hours”

3. Kuznekoff JH, Titsworth S (2013). "The Impact of Mobile Phone Usage on Student Learning" Communication Education, v. 62, 233-252

4. Lee S, Kim MW, McDonough IM, et al. (2017). "The Effects of Cell Phone Use and Emotion-regulation Style on College Students Learning" Applied Cognitive Psychology, 360-366

5. Ravizza, SM, Hambrick DZ, Fenn, KM (2014). "Non-academic internet use in the classroom is negatively related to classroom learning regardless of intellectual ability" Computers & Education, v. 78,109-114

6. Rosen LD, Lim AF, Carrier M et al. (2011).  "The Empirical Examination of the Educational Impact of Text Message Induced Task Switching in the Classroom: Educational Implications and Strategies to Enhance Learning," Psicologia Educativa,163-177

7. Thornton BF, Robbins M, Rollins E (2014). "The Mere Presence of a Cell Phone May be Distracting: Implications for Attention and Task Performance," Social Psychology, v. 45, 479-488

8. Dietz, Stephanie H Henrich, Christopher (2014). "Texting as a Distraction," Computers and Human Behavior, v. 36, 163-167

9. Ward, Adrian., Duke, Kristen, Gneezy, Ayelet & Bos, Maarten (2017) "Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One's Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity," JACR, 140-154

10. Brown CF, Demaray MK, Secord SM (2014). “Cyber victimization in middle school and relations to social emotional outcomes,” Computers in Human Behavior, v. 35, 12-21

11. Anthony BJ, Wessler SL, Sebian JK (2010).  “Cyberbullying Matters: Examining the Incremental Impact of Cyberbullying On Outcomes Over and Above Traditional Bullying in North America” Journal of Pediatric Psychology, v. 35, 1113-1115

12. Rice E, Petering R, Rhoades H, et. al. (2015) “Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization Among Middle-School Students” American Journal of Public Health, Published online

13. Selkie EM, Fales JL, Moreno MA (2016) “Cyberbullying Prevalence Among US Middle and High School—Aged Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Quality Assessment” Journal of Adolescent Health, v. 58, 125-133

14. Twenge JM, Martin GN, Campbell WK (2018). “Decreases in Psychological Well-Being Among American Adolescents After 2012 and Links to Screen Time During the Rise of Smartphone Technology,” Emotion, no pagination specified

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